The Manaslu Conservation Area remains one of Nepal's best-protected wilderness areas. Trekkers here combine unique natural beauty and rich biodiversity with a significant amount of ancient cultural heritage. The trained, experienced guides and hardworking porters in Nepal have made it possible for all adventurers to visit this remote Himalayan area safely, while preserving the area's ecological function and causing no harm. By guiding trekkers through difficult mountain terrain, their in-depth knowledge of local landscape and weather patterns allows trekkers to experience an immersive educational experience.
This complete resource contains many aspects related to the Manaslu Conservation Area, including its various types of animals and plant life, traditional cultures of local communities, and information about obtaining a trekking permit, popular trekking routes, and other conservation programs that have turned the Manaslu Conservation Area into an example of the potential for sustainable mountain tourism. This guide is offered as a resource for anyone interested in trekking in the Himalayas, and for those wanting to explore a less-travelled option to find treasures in the Manaslu area.
Overview of the Manaslu Conservation Area
The Manaslu Conservation Area (MCA) protects one of Nepal's most extraordinary mountain regions in the northern-central Himalaya region. The area includes Mount Manaslu (the eighth-highest mountain in the world at 8163m). It also features rivers, valleys covered in ice, and forests with vast amounts of various species of plant and animal life.
The Manaslu area is considered an important passage between the Tibetan Plateau and the lower Himalaya mountain ranges. The region is diverse, with many distinct climatic conditions that create unique ecological habitats for animals and plants. This contrasts with the crowded trails of the Everest Base Camp Trek and the Annapurna Circuit, and therefore offers visitors a more genuine and less commercialised experience in the mountains.
History and Establishment of MCA
Trekkers walking through autumn forest along rocky trail in Manaslu Conservation Area
The Government of Nepal created the Manaslu Conservation Area with an establishment date of December 1998. The total area of the Manaslu Conservation Area is approximately 1,663 sq. km. The reason for establishing the Manaslu Conservation Area was to address the issues of deforestation, wildlife poaching, and unsustainable resource extraction from the area, as these issues raised increasing levels of concern.
The National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC) oversees operations within the Manaslu Conservation Area through its Manaslu Conservation Area Project (MCAP) and has created community-based conservation programs that aim to balance environmental protection with local development needs. The community-based conservation programs empower local indigenous communities to be responsible stewards of their natural heritage and receive the benefits associated with sustainable tourism.
Geography & Location
Area Coverage
The Manaslu Conservation Area spans across the Gorkha and Dhading districts of Nepal, extending from the Budhi Gandaki River valley to the Tibetan border. The protected area encompasses diverse landscapes ranging from subtropical forests to alpine meadows and high-altitude glaciers.
Elevation Range
The conservation area showcases dramatic elevation changes, with the lowest point at approximately 1,400 meters and reaching its zenith at Mount Manaslu's summit (8,163 meters). This vast elevation gradient creates multiple climatic zones, each supporting distinct ecosystems.
Climate and Seasons
The Manaslu region experiences typical Himalayan weather patterns, with four distinct seasons. Monsoon rains (June to August) bring lush greenery but challenging trekking conditions. Winter (December to February) delivers cold temperatures and snow at higher elevations. Spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) offer the most favourable conditions for trekking, with clear skies and moderate temperatures.
Biodiversity of the Manaslu Conservation Area
Flora
The Manaslu region biodiversity includes over 1,500 species of flowering plants. Lower elevations feature dense forests of sal, rhododendron, oak, and pine. As altitude increases, vegetation transitions to birch, juniper, and hardy alpine species. During spring, the hillsides explode with colour as rhododendrons bloom in shades of red, pink, and white.
The conservation area protects 11 types of forests and 33 species of mammals, making it a biodiversity hotspot of global significance.
Fauna
The Manaslu Conservation Area fauna represents a remarkable cross-section of Himalayan wildlife. The protected forests and alpine zones provide habitat for numerous species, including several that face extinction threats elsewhere in their range.
Rare and Endangered Species
The conservation area shelters several endangered species, including the elusive snow leopard, red panda, Himalayan musk deer, and Assam macaque. These rare animals find refuge in the MCA's relatively undisturbed habitats, where conservation programs work to ensure their long-term survival.
Wildlife of the Manaslu Region
Panoramic view of snow-capped Himalayan peaks with river valley in Manaslu region
Mammals
The wildlife on Manaslu consists of several species of impressive large mammals, including Himalayan tahr, bharal (blue sheep), Himalayan black bear, and grey wolf. Smaller mammals such as Himalayan marmots, yellow-throated martens, and several species of pika are found on rocky slopes and in meadows. Deer, leopards, and hogs all find their home in the forests of Manaslu.
Birdwatchers will find the Manaslu Region a rewarding place because of the over 110 different species of birds.
Some of the highlights include: Himalayan griffon, lammergeier (bearded vulture), blood pheasant, Impeyan pheasant (which is the national bird of Nepal), and a variety of species of eagles and falcons. You can see everything from alpine accentors, colourful minivets and laughing thrushes due to the many different habitats available.
Reptiles and amphibians are not as large or easy to see as birds and mammals. However, there are most certainly reptiles and amphibians in the conservation area, including various types of lizards and frogs from high-altitude environments.
Local Culture & Communities
Ethnic Groups
The Manaslu Conservation Area is home to a variety of cultures, mostly those of the Gurung, Tamang, Bhotia, and Sherpa people. All communities possess their own cultural uniqueness, but have a strong relationship with the mountains that surround them. Village locations such as Samagaon, Samdo village, and the other villages that reside in the Tsum Valley reflect the way lifestyles were for many centuries.
Mixed farming and animal husbandry provide the primary means of sustenance for the local communities. Local communities produce crops such as buckwheat, barley, and potatoes, with yaks, sheep, and goats as the main animals raised. The landscape contains stone houses with wooden shingles, and there are colourful prayer flags blowing in the wind from roofs and mountain passes.
Throughout the year, festivals are celebrated by these communities. Festivals that celebrate the Tibetan New Year (Lhosar), the Dashain, and numerous other Buddhist holidays are only a few of the celebrations that provide visitors to the region with the chance to learn about the two unique cultures and their intersection.
The Manaslu area has a large Tibetan Buddhist influence, which can be seen in the quantity of monasteries, chortens (stupas), mani walls (walls of prayer stones), and prayer wheels that line the paths and trails through the area. This spiritual atmosphere enhances the trekking experience and enables hikers to experience the Tsum Valley, which is often referred to as the Hidden Valley of Happiness.
Popular Trekking Routes inside MCA
Buddhist chorten and prayer flags on mountain trail with village in background
Manaslu Circuit Trek
The stunning Manaslu Circuit Trek is an ultimate lap around Mount Manaslu, spanning 14 to 18 days and offering stunning mountain vistas and rich cultural diversity. One of the highlights of the route will be crossing the Larkya La Pass (5,106 meters). It starts at Soti Khola and ends at Besisahar; you'll pass through many small, traditional villages, dense forests, and towering mountain ranges.
The Tsum Valley Trek is situated in one of the most untouched parts of Nepal. Here you can see the Tibetan culture that has been preserved for centuries. The route is a sacred area in this valley, and to the north of the main Manaslu Trek are some of the oldest Monasteries in Nepal. The Tsum Valley offers many different types of experiences and will typically take between 12 to 14 days to complete. You can combine this trek with the Manaslu Circuit Trek for an even more exciting adventure.
There are also many trekkers who combine the Manaslu Region with other popular hiking routes. For example, some people combine the Annapurna Circuit with the Manaslu Circuit and then visit the Tsum Valley. If you want more exciting adventures, you can check out the Langtang Valley Trek, the Upper Mustang Trek, or the classic Everest Base Camp Trek as well; they all feature different aspects of the beauty of the Himalayas.
Permits Required to Enter the Manaslu Conservation Area
MCA Permit
To trek in the Manaslu region, all individuals must apply for and pay for a Manaslu Conservation Area Permit to assist with conservation programs and support for local community development in the region. The cost of the permit is NPR 3,000 or about USD 30 per person.
The permit to trek in the Manaslu Restricted Area (MRAP) is also required; however, the season will dictate how much per person the permit will cost (USD 100 per person for up to seven days from December to August is the highest, while USD 75 per person from September to November is the lowest). In addition to this initial cost of the MRAP, an additional daily charge will apply after the initial seven days.
Annapurna Conservation Area Project (ACAP) permit is also required for individuals who plan on ending their trek through the Annapurna region. ACAP permits a cost of NPR 3,000 or about USD 30 per person.
You can obtain Trekking Permits at a Registered Trekking Agency located in Kathmandu or at the Nepal Tourism Board; permit applications typically require copies of your passport, photographs, and travel insurance.
Major Attractions in the Manaslu Conservation Area
Traditional mountain village at sunrise with Himalayan peaks behind Manaslu Conservation Area
Natural Highlights
In addition to Mount Manaslu, there are many awe-inspiring sights to be found within the conservation area, such as the Birendra Lake (Birendra Tal), glaciers, waterfalls, and the untouched Budhi Gandaki River canyon. The Larkya La pass is another scenic highlight that offers spectacular views of Himlung Himal, Cheo Himal, and the Annapurna massif. Historical Sites
Amongst the cultural sites found in the area, you will find the ancient Rachen Gompa and Mu Gonpa monasteries located in Tsum Valley, the ancient Pungyen Gompa, along with endless mani walls that have been constructed over time to protect those who travel in and out of this region. You can view both the Mongolian-style monasteries and Mount Manaslu together from the many viewpoints available in the village of Lho.
Scenic Viewpoints
There are many key lookout points located on the trekking routes, where you will be rewarded with some of the best mountain views in the world. The village of Sama Gaon is a perfect location to see Mount Manaslu, while the summit of Larkya La provides a perfect vantage point for enjoying the incredible views of the entire Himalayan Range, which are among the best in all of Nepal.
Best Time to Visit
Seasonal Breakdown
Spring (March to May): Clear weather, blooming rhododendrons, and warming temperatures make spring ideal for trekking. Wildlife becomes more active, and mountain views remain spectacular.
Autumn (September to November): Considered the best time to visit, autumn offers stable weather, crystal-clear skies, and comfortable temperatures. Post-monsoon freshness brings excellent visibility.
Winter (December to February): Experienced trekkers can visit during winter, though cold temperatures, snow accumulation, and potential pass closures present challenges.
Monsoon (June to August): Heavy rainfall, leeches, and obscured views make monsoon the least favourable season, though lower elevations remain accessible.
MCAP builds on the concept of community participation in conservation as an effort to develop ecosystem buffer zones, community-based women's groups. In addition, MCAP is also involved in Conservation Education for communities. Training of local communities takes place through MCAP, including tourism sustainability, alternative energy innovations, and biodiversity monitoring.
Wildlife Protection:
MCAP engages in wildlife protection activities, including anti-poaching patrols, habitat restoration projects, and conflict mitigation initiatives to decrease human-wildlife conflict and reduce retaliatory killings of endangered animals. Snow leopard population assessments are completed through the use of camera traps. Additionally, an insurance program for livestock allows for compensation of livestock killed by snow leopards, which reduces retaliation killings.
Sustainable Tourism:
MCAP promotes sustainable tourism within the conservation area by implementing environmental awareness programs and promotional treks. Teahouse operators in the conservation area are provided training in eco-friendly operations, and trekkers are expected to leave no trace.
Accommodation & Food in the MCA Region
Teahouses
While travelling the Manaslu Circuit, you will have the opportunity of staying in local 'tea house' accommodation that is relatively basic but comfortable. Most rooms on this route offer twin beds and blankets, and many of the buildings have communal bathrooms with squat-style toilets. Accommodation also tends to become more basic the higher you go up the mountain.
Homestays/Guest Houses
In some of the villages along the way, you have the option of doing homestays, which means you can stay with a local family. Staying with a local family can give you an insight into their culture and way of life while helping to support their livelihood.
Cuisine
The best food in the region comes from the teahouses, which provide nutritious meals such as dal bhat (rice and lentils), Tibetan bread, momos (dumplings), thukpa (noodle soup), and other associated potato dishes. Although teahouse menus are limited at higher elevations, these meals are all prepared to provide high levels of nutrition and energy for the challenging trek ahead.
ount Manaslu peak rising above alpine meadows against blue sky
Safety
The main health concern for altitude sickness. You should climb slowly, drink lots of water, and be aware of symptoms. Remember to get comprehensive travel insurance, including a helicopter evacuation. Travel with qualified tour guides who know the area and can handle emergencies.
Responsible Travel
You should follow the locals' customs and respect their religious sites. Do not throw away rubbish, use less plastic, and purchase from local stores. Do not take pictures of people without asking them for permission, and dress appropriately when coming into villages.
Packing List
Several things you will need to travel include clothing that can be worn in layers for weather changing, a nice pair of hiking boots, a sleeping bag, water purification tablets, a first aid kit, a good sun block, and a head lamp. Trekking poles will help you navigate the steep parts, and a good camera is needed to document your adventures.
It is not uncommon for trekkers to use local bus or private jeep transport to arrive at the starting point of the Manaslu Conservation Area (MCA) in Kathmandu. Most trekkers will use Soti Khola as their starting point, which requires an 8 - 9-hour journey along the winding mountain roads.
Some of the more common starting points for trekkers are:
For the Manaslu Circuit Trek: Soti Khola - this is the main trekkers' route for the MCA.
For the Tsum Valley Trek: Philim (or) Lokpa - these are other major trekkers' starting points for the MCA.
For other trekking routes: You may start from any of the local villages found around Arughat Bazaar; these are the areas around Arughat Bazaar and along the MCA.
Most treks end at Dharapani, where they join the Besisahar road leading into the Annapurna area.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is the Manaslu Circuit Trek difficult?
The Manaslu Circuit is considered moderately difficult to challenging. The trek involves crossing the high-altitude Larkya La pass (5,106m) and requires good physical fitness. Proper acclimatisation and previous trekking experience are recommended.
How much does the Manaslu Conservation Area Permit cost?
The cost to get the MCA permit is NPR 3,000 (≈ USD 30), whereas the price to obtain a Manaslu Restricted Area Permit is USD 100 per person for September to November. For December to August, the price of the permit for the first seven days would be USD 75, with additional charges after the first 7 days incurred on a daily basis.
What wildlife could I possibly encounter while in Manaslu Conservation Area?
Wildlife that you may see includes Himalayan tahr, blue sheep, numerous species of birds such as pheasants and eagles, and with any luck, you may even spot a snow leopard, red panda, or Himalayan black bear.
How long does it take to complete the Manaslu Circuit Trek?
On average, the complete Manaslu Circuit takes between 14-18 days to complete, depending on the individual’s pace of travel and the amount of time spent acclimatising. In addition, the length of time might differ if you decide to take side trips or stop extensions.
Are there ATMs in the Manaslu Conservation Area?
There are no ATM machines located along the Manaslu Circuit Trek. As such, you should bring enough Nepalese rupee cash from either Kathmandu or Gorkha to cover all expenses, including lodging, food, and permit fees.
How high is the highest point along the way to the summit on the Manaslu Circuit Trek?
The highest point on this trek is Larkya La pass with an elevation of 5,106 meters (16,752 feet). When at this elevation, you will have breathtaking views of many of the peaks within the Himalayan mountain range.
Conclusion
As the Manaslu Conservation Area exemplifies Nepal's dedication towards conserving its mountain biodiversity, this area also supports sustainable development through adventure tourism for local communities. The Manaslu region provides trekkers with a unique high mountain experience that includes spectacular scenery, abundant wildlife, and a variety of cultural traditions. With numerous options, including challenging high passes, ancient monasteries, and rare wildlife sightings, the Manaslu region offers countless opportunities for trekkers seeking unforgettable experiences in one of the globe's most remote mountain environments.
Are you interested in discovering more about the Manaslu Conservation Area and creating an unforgettable adventure? If so, please contact us at Himalayan Recreation to discuss how we can help you create your Manaslu adventure with our experienced guides who will ensure your safety while providing you with an authentic cultural experience.
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